History of the Tenth Line Struggle of the Communist Party of China Draft 1976 — (Z-Library).pdf (10.8 MB)
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第一讲 中国共产党的创立和毛主席的建党思想
- 第一节 中国共产党创立的阶级基础和思想基础
列宁曾说过，没有思想上的统一，组织上的统一就没有意义。中国共产党的极端路线，就是以列宁的布尔什维克党为榜样建立的。中国共产党，也是建立在无产阶级思想与各种资产阶级和小资产阶级思想斗争基础上的。
中国共产党是无产阶级的政党，是无产阶级中最先进的一部分。它的阶级基础是中国无产阶级的壮大和登上政治舞台。
中国的无产阶级最早出现在19世纪40、50年代，出现在英法等国资产阶级在中国沿海建立的工业和企业中。
中国无产阶级的三种来源：
1）首先伴随着外国资本在中国直接经营近代工业企业而来
2）从19世纪60年代起，清政府开始经营近代军事工业，在这些企业中产生了第二批产业工人
3）大约在70年代，在洋务派举办的民用企业和民族资本经营的近代工业中产生了第三批产业工人。
从19世纪90年代开始，随着洋务运动的破产和以义和团运动为代表的劳动人民反抗，民族资本得以发展，中国无产阶级也进一步壮大。
1914-1918年期间，中国民族资本借助第一次世界大战实现了飞速发展，1918年，中国已有产业工人大约两百万（19世纪70年代，近代产业工人不到一万，80年代为四万，90年代为九万多）。1918年，上海地区发生了22次经济罢工。
1919年爆发了“五四”反帝爱国运动，6月3日发展成为六·三运动。中国无产阶级以独立的政治力量登上了反帝反封建的政治舞台。
中国工人阶级的特点：
1）受到帝国主义、封建势力、资产阶级的三重压迫，因此具有最坚定和彻底的革命性。
2）在形成过程中较为集中，主要诞生于沿海几个大城市。1894年，集中在上海、汉口、广州、天津的工人占全国工厂工人总数的70%以上。
3）与广大农民有天然联系。中国产业工人的来源大量是破产农民流入城市。
农民和民族资产阶级不能领导革命的胜利，也不能彻底完成反帝反封建的历史任务。
农民是小生产者，实行平均主义，将土地分给每个农民，只会让农民变成小生产者。这毕竟是私有制，私有制必然导致分化，重新出现剥削与被剥削。
同时，作为小生产者的农民视野有限，难以客观正确观察世界，也难以提出正确的纲领。
民族资产阶级“先天不足、后天畸形”。
民族资产阶级最早从封建地主、官僚、商人和买办中分化出来。
民族资本在资金、技术、原料和市场上都依赖外国和封建势力。
中国共产党创立的思想基础——俄国十月社会主义革命的影响和马克思主义在中国的传播。
1915年的新文化运动，是一批知识分子用资产阶级民主主义思想反对以孔孟之道为代表的封建教条。但许多知识分子对美国抱有幻想，直到1919年五四运动中美国支持日本侵略山东，才打消了对美国的幻想。
1917年十月革命带来了马克思主义，一些资产阶级民主主义的激进派，以李大钊为代表，开始转而支持共产主义。
毛主席在1919年夏天，在长沙创立了《湘江评论》，宣传俄国十月革命的胜利，介绍马克思主义学说。1919年秋天，毛主席在北京认真学习马克思主义理论，同时也到长辛店一带的工人区进行活动，向工人阶级传播马克思主义。1920年回到长沙后，继续从事湖南工人运动，向湖南工人传播马克思主义。
马克思主义只有与工人运动、革命运动结合起来，才能孕育出共产党。具有初步共产主义思想的知识分子，只有认真从事工人运动，与工人群众结合，才能发展成为真正的马克思主义者，为建党奠定思想基础。
从1919年五四运动高潮到1920年，许多先进的知识分子在各地创办了宣传马克思列宁主义的刊物，影响和教育了一大批青年。在思想和干部准备方面，为中国共产党的成立做了准备。
参考资料：
近代中国史稿 （上、下册）1976.pdf (90.5 MB)
《中国的民主主义和民粹主义》（列宁选集 1972 第二卷）.pdf (523.5 KB)
《中国革命的社会意义》-孙中山.pdf (67.1 KB)
- The Second Section: The Beginning of Chairman Mao’s Revolutionary Activities, the Emergence and Struggles of Communist Groups Across Various Regions
Chairman Mao had a rebellious spirit from a young age, loving labor and study, loving the people, and loving the motherland. During the Xinhai Revolution, he also participated in the new army and revolutionary activities.
In 1917, he conducted rural investigations in five counties of Hunan, integrating with the working people. In the winter of 1917, he established a night school for workers in Changsha, spreading revolutionary ideas to workers and learning from them.
Chairman Mao gradually transformed himself through the process of combining with the working and peasant masses.
In 1918, Mao organized a revolutionary youth group in Changsha called the New People’s Society, with the aim of “Transforming China and the World.” During the climax of the May Fourth Movement, facing economic and publishing difficulties, Mao continued his work, founding the influential revolutionary publication “Xiangjiang Review” in Changsha.
As the cultural united front of the May Fourth Movement began to divide, a reactionary trend of social reformism appeared among bourgeois intellectuals, opposing revolutionary solutions to social problems and rejecting Marxism.
In July 1919, Mao serialized his famous essays “The People’s Great Union” and “On the Founding of Xiangjiang Ping,” proposing ideas for thorough revolution.
Through ongoing struggles against reactionary ideas, Mao persisted in and developed Marxism.
Because the New People’s Society was only an advanced youth revolutionary group, Mao believed it necessary to organize the backbone members who supported Marxism into a “comrade group” modeled after a communist small group. He and Comrade Cai Hesen agreed that this “comrade group” should first organize a “Party—Communist Party,” because with the Communist Party, “the revolutionary movement would have a nerve center.”
The initial formation of the Communist Party involved establishing communist small groups in various regions, along with socialist youth leagues. Most of the key members of the “New People’s Society” led by Mao joined the Hunan Communist Group and socialist youth leagues. Comrades who believed in Marxism in the Hubei democratic revolutionary group “Liqun Book Club” also formed the Hubei Communist Group.
“New Youth” became the organ publication of the communist small groups, introducing Marxism-Leninism and the Russian Revolution; communist groups in Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou, and other places published various workers’ publications. Through night schools, bookstores, and publications, Marxist basic viewpoints on surplus value, class struggle, socialism, and materialist historical view were popularized among workers and revolutionary youth.
Simultaneously, Mao led comrades of the communist small groups to organize workers among the workers, organizing many industry workers in Changsha.
The communist small groups carried out propaganda and organization work among workers, further integrating Marxism with the worker movement, which laid the organizational groundwork for the establishment of the Chinese Communist Party.
Material on the history of the ten major ideological struggles of the Chinese Communist Party.pdf (11.9 MB)
Material on the history of the ten major ideological struggles of the Chinese Communist Party (Part 2).pdf (3.2 MB)
- Section 3: Mao Zedong’s Thought on Party Building and the Struggle Against Various False Socialist Ideologies
While Marxism-Leninism was spreading in China, various false socialist ideologies also gained popularity domestically under the guise of “new trends.” The class struggle in society inevitably reflected within the Communist groups, and for the Communist groups to further develop, they must carry out theoretical or ideological struggles to establish the dominance of Marxism-Leninism.
The first faction consists of bourgeois liberalism and reformism, mainly represented by pragmatism led by Dewey and social reformism represented by the British Russell. Both believe that social improvement can be achieved through education, and thus everyone will support communism. However, this is a form of historical idealism, borrowed from Eil Mewes (Herbert Spencer), and Marx pointed out long ago: “The materialist doctrine that environment and education can change the individual forgets that: environment is changed by people, and educators themselves are educated. Therefore, this doctrine necessarily divides society into two parts, one of which dominates the other.”
This idea was supported by bourgeois scholars in China such as Hu Shi and Liang Qichao, and also reflected within the Xinmin Society, where some advocated for a moderate revolution using education as a tool.
The second faction is petty-bourgeois anarchism. Some petty-bourgeois intellectuals imported anarchist ideas from Europe, such as Proudhon, Bakunin, and Kropotkin, advocating for personal “absolute freedom,” promoting so-called anarchist “communism,” opposing the dictatorship of the proletariat, and opposing the establishment of a strictly organized proletarian party.
They advocate mutual aid, oppose the infusion of scientific socialist consciousness into workers, and oppose class struggle.
Ultimately, this reflects petty-bourgeois individualism, pursuing personal extreme freedom. Anarchism does not reject authority but seeks its own authority and freedom. The so-called mutual aid is merely mutual assistance for personal interests, which ultimately leads to division and turns into capitalism.
The third faction is the revisionist trend of the Second International, represented by Kautsky and Bernstein. They advocate for legitimate Marxism, oppose class struggle, and Duxiu Chen’s thought and theory are essentially a set of revisionist ideas of the Second International.
The fourth faction involves various bourgeois and petty-bourgeois utopian socialism. The most popular is Guild Socialism, which advocates for mutual aid within industry guilds to achieve socialism.
Utopian village movement advocates establishing experimental new villages where people work together, share resources, and distribute equally.
In response to these ideologies, Mao Zedong, Cai Hesen, and other comrades carried out ideological struggles. They further defended and developed Lenin’s ideas on party building.
Lenin proposed the basic organizational principles of the Bolshevik Party:
1. The party must be the vanguard of the working class, the Marxist party
2. The party must be an organized force of the working class, and party members must participate in organizational life
3. The party is the highest form of organization of the working class and the leader of all revolutionary organizations
4. The party must closely connect with millions of masses
5. The party must be built on the principle of democratic centralism
6. All party members must obey strict discipline
These points constitute Lenin’s thoughts on party building, the organizational foundation of the Leninist party.
Mao Zedong studied Lenin’s ideas and experience on party building, defended and developed Lenin’s thoughts, and clearly put forward the following ideas:
First, Mao Zedong believed that the guiding ideology of the party must be Marxism-Leninism and the materialist conception of history.
Second, Mao Zedong believed that the party’s struggle goal must be to seize power and establish the dictatorship of the proletariat.
Third, Mao Zedong believed that the party must be the nerve center of the proletarian movement and a fighting organization closely connected with the masses.
Fourth, Mao Zedong believed that the party’s organization must be democratic centralist and have strict discipline.
It was precisely due to the persistence and struggle of Mao Zedong, Cai Hesen, and other Marxists at that time, as well as the direct help from the Communist International led by Lenin in establishing the Chinese Communist Party, that the party was founded from the very beginning in accordance with Marxist-Leninist principles, avoiding detours. In other words, our party was established from the start as a Marxist-Leninist armed, closely connected with the masses, with strict organizational discipline, and a style of criticism and self-criticism, linking theory with practice.