Originally published at: “福尔摩斯”的真面目 – 曙光
The True Face of “Sherlock Holmes”
Editorial Board of League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Proletariat
Preface
Detective Sherlock Holmes is the protagonist of the series of novels "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes" (hereinafter referred to as "Holmes") created by Arthur Conan Doyle. He is famous for his self-developed "deductive reasoning" method of solving cases—being able to crack one mystery after another just through direct observation, or even based solely on the introductions of his assistant Watson, with a little thought. "Holmes" was created at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, and upon release, it quickly swept through Britain, igniting a detective novel craze. Subsequent detective novels competed to imitate "Holmes," and although their writing styles varied, their main characters bore a striking resemblance to Holmes—well-informed, perceptive, prophetic... essentially copies of Holmes. This article will analyze this most typical detective image to expose the essence of bourgeois detective fiction.
The Background of "Holmes" Creation
Starting from the 1870s, Britain, once called the "workshop of the world" and the "Sun Never Sets Empire," was increasingly decaying and relatively backward. Due to its monopoly position in the international market, Britain could reap huge profits simply by setting monopoly prices, and the bourgeoisie no longer wished to update fixed capital to improve labor productivity. As a result, British industry stagnated and developed slowly after the 1880s. Meanwhile, countries like the US and Germany utilized the latest scientific and technological achievements to revolutionize production, leading to leapfrog development of their industries. Britain's industrial output was surpassed by the US and Germany in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. As Engels pointed out as early as 1885: "Britain enjoyed nearly a century of industrial monopoly and now has irrevocably lost it." [1] Britain's foreign trade and agriculture also declined with industrial backwardness. Due to outdated technology, British industrial products lost competitiveness in the global market against American and German goods, with Britain's share of world trade dropping from 22% in 1870 to 15% in 1910. Moreover, British agricultural products, already expensive due to high land rents, were pushed out by cheaper American and other foreign products. Many small and medium farms went bankrupt, and Britain's self-sufficiency rate for grain fell from 79% to 35.6%.
"Britain's industrial monopoly is the cornerstone of its existing social system." [2] As industrial monopoly was lost, Britain’s cyclical capitalist crises deepened. After the unprecedented global economic crisis of 1873, Britain entered stagnation. The five crises that followed in 1878, 1882, 1890, 1900, and 1907 further prolonged the long-term depression. Profit growth was severely impacted, and the trade deficit caused by importing large quantities of food and raw agricultural materials could only be offset by profits, interest, and commissions from foreign investments. Consequently, the bourgeoisie intensified attacks on the working class—cutting wages—and increased control and exploitation of colonies and semi-colonies, expanding commodity and capital exports, and launching colonial wars that seized large territories in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. This intensified contradictions between the bourgeoisie and proletariat, between monopoly capital and colonized peoples, and among imperialist powers. Oppression breeds resistance. In the struggle against monopoly capital, British workers gradually saw through the deception of the worker aristocracy, initiating struggles to reform and establish new unions; people in Iran, Sudan, and other countries launched uprisings against colonial oppressors and local feudal comprador regimes. Meanwhile, in the fierce competition for markets and "lands under the sun" with rising imperialist powers like the US and Germany, Britain had to form alliances such as the Entente and oppose the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. Such sharp contradictions forced the British ruling class to strengthen ideological and cultural control to glorify monopoly capitalism, cover up the deep political and economic crises, and slander revolutionary people. It was against this background that "Sherlock Holmes" and its creator Arthur Conan Doyle appeared, serving the needs of British bourgeois rule.
About Arthur Conan Doyle
Arthur Conan Doyle (1859–1930) lived in the era when free competition was replaced by monopoly imperialism. He was born into a declining landowning family; his grandfather John Doyle owned estates in Ireland, and his father served in the Queen's Palace in Edinburgh, earning up to 220 pounds a year [3]. Doyle's mother also came from a noble family, and from a young age, he was fed feudal superstitions and aristocratic tales. Under family influence and his own "struggles," Doyle entered Edinburgh Medical School. After graduation, he painted a self-portrait to commemorate obtaining his "legal license to kill," revealing his extreme individualist worldview driven by greed and self-interest—he was motivated solely by money, with no real desire to cure or save lives. Before graduation, he even caused a death due to medical incompetence [4]. However, Doyle's medical career was not smooth; his low medical skills meant meager income, barely enough to sustain himself. To enjoy the life he dreamed of, he began writing novels part-time, creating the detective image of Holmes based on a professor at Edinburgh Medical School.
By the late 19th century, Doyle had gained fame in bourgeois literary circles with "Holmes," living a worry-free life. But he was not satisfied. To pursue greater wealth, Doyle decisively joined the British imperialist invasion of South Africa during the Boer War, serving as a military doctor in the British army. In 1902, he shamelessly wrote praise for British colonialists who provoked the war, earning recognition from imperial rulers and being knighted—fulfilling his dream of glory [5]. In 1906, his first wife died, and less than two months later, he married his new love. This shows that Doyle regarded women merely as tools to satisfy his desires, with no genuine feelings involved—no different from a beast. In his later years, Doyle fell into spiritualism scams, passionately supporting and studying spiritualism, degenerating into a charlatan. Around World War I, he wrote several more Holmes stories, in which Holmes shed his guise as a "crime-fighter" and became an agent of British imperialism, engaging in espionage against Germany—selling intelligence for the British Empire.
Doyle came from a decayed landlord class, with no common language or life with the working people. He never did anything beneficial for the people, spending his life chasing personal wealth and serving British imperialist masters—becoming a literary thug to gloss over and lull the people. His works (especially the Holmes series) are tools used by imperialism to maintain its rule. Studying these works helps us understand how such "detective novels" invert black and white, glorify imperialist spy politics.
The Detective Series — A Voice of Bourgeois Reactionary Ideas
In the reactionary detective series "Holmes," Doyle vigorously promoted bourgeois ideas, defending bourgeois rule. First, let's talk about Holmes's profession. In the books, Holmes is an all-powerful detective, a "crime-fighter" full of justice, whose daily work is solving various cases and maintaining social order—bringing daylight and clarity to the world.
Of course, in bourgeois eyes, these acts of "eliminating crime and punishing villains" are entirely justified, making the detective profession the most righteous. But is that really the case? Law is a set of rules and regulations formulated by the state to reflect the interests and will of the ruling class, serving the ruling class and enforced by its power. Under bourgeois dictatorship, bourgeois law is designed to serve the bourgeoisie. In capitalist society, people are arrested for theft, strikes, or protests, but no capitalist is ever arrested for stealing workers' surplus value, nor for organizing thugs to suppress workers.
In capitalist society, the so-called "criminals" mainly fall into two categories: one, bourgeois watchdogs and thugs—ruthless gangsters; the other, people influenced by bourgeois ideology or impoverished and desperate. The former are defenders of the bourgeois order, so they are not really punished by law. The latter are products of bourgeois rule—only because they lack power and influence, they suffer the consequences. As the ancient saying goes: "The thief is punished, the traitor is made a marquis." [6]
"The social root of disturbances violating public life rules is the exploitation and poverty of the masses." [7] The bourgeoisie refuses to acknowledge this fact, instead reversing black and white, blaming the people for "social disorder." Capitalist development is a process of continuous capital accumulation—extreme wealth on one side, poverty, slavery, and labor torment on the other. As capital accumulates and production scales expand, the organic composition of capital [8] increases, and the proportion of variable capital in total capital decreases, reducing the demand for labor power. This chain of reactions results in a large "relative surplus population," with many workers unemployed. The increasing unemployment depresses wages further, and the unemployed rely on relatives' support. Workers, facing declining wages, are forced to work longer hours and higher intensities to earn more, which in turn causes even more surplus labor—creating a vicious cycle. This leads to extreme poverty among the proletariat and a large number of unemployed. Faced with such survival crises, many impoverished workers resort to illegal acts. As living conditions worsen, class contradictions and struggles intensify. The bourgeoisie suppress workers' resistance with reactionary propaganda and by cultivating thugs to brutalize the workers. This creates a turbulent, unstable social environment, with declining moral standards and rising crime.
Such bloody facts are invisible to "Holmes" and Doyle. After all, Doyle, who was knighted, would not dare oppose his masters openly. The bourgeoisie, to maintain its social order, distorts reality in its cultural works to spread its worldview. Therefore, bourgeois literature often introduces supernatural and fantastical elements. The Holmes series is no exception. Although not outright fantasy, it contains many fanciful plots and exposes its idealist poison. Doyle invented a method called "deductive reasoning"—solving cases purely through material analysis. Of course, dialectical materialism recognizes the interconnectedness of things, and some plot elements do reflect real causal relationships—for example, Holmes analyzing Watson's muddy shoes to deduce recent movements, explained as applying soil science knowledge. But such reasoning is often exaggerated and far-fetched in practice. Other plot elements are outright fabrications, forcing causal links. Throughout the series, Holmes's deductive method seems omnipotent, appearing to work everywhere, even deducing criminals' thoughts from microexpressions and small gestures. These supernatural bourgeois psychological tricks are so absurd that even capitalist police would not boast of such abilities.
The worldview reflected in these literary works mirrors the author's—Holmes is a mirror of Doyle's ideas. Doyle was a thorough nationalist and a member of the ruling class of the British imperialist colonial state. Out of self-interest, he shamelessly slandered and vilified oppressed nations. The British bourgeoisie, driven by insatiable greed, brutally invaded India. Between 1757 and 1815, over 58 years, they plundered Indian treasuries, imposed land taxes on peasants, and forced artisans through violence—extracting up to 1 billion pounds. Indian labor and blood nourished British bourgeoisie, enabling the primitive accumulation necessary for the Industrial Revolution, but India became a poor, backward country full of suffering—by the mid-19th century, 1.5 million Indians died from famine caused by British plunder. The brutal colonial rule repeatedly provoked uprisings. Yet, in one Holmes story, "The Sign of Four," Doyle calls Indians "uncivilized natives" and describes the 1857 Indian uprising as a "great rebellion," claiming it turned India into "a hell of pain, slaughter, and violence." This exposes Doyle’s colonialist hostility and contempt for national liberation movements. The Indian revolution was fighting for independence and against British colonialism—wasn’t that exactly hell for the colonizers?
Furthermore, Doyle's Holmes harbors strong misogynist views. In "The Sign of Four," he says: "Women are unreliable; even the best women are unreliable." In "The Hound of the Baskervilles," he states: "I have never liked women." Doyle’s discrimination and slander against women reflect his own character. After his first wife died of tuberculosis, he married a second woman less than two months later—showing he regarded women merely as tools for satisfying his desires. Although Holmes's interactions with women are limited, these clues reveal Doyle’s sexist attitude.
Additionally, Doyle used Holmes to glorify British imperial espionage. In the WWI novel "The Last Problem," retired Holmes is ordered by the empire to provide false intelligence to German spies and plan their arrest. In this final story, Holmes finally sheds his "justice" disguise and openly serves British imperialist conspiracies—selling secrets for the empire, just like Doyle himself, becoming a loyal dog of British monopoly capitalists.
Finally, Doyle’s novels are infused with idealist heroism, creating Holmes as a bourgeois hero. The stories exaggerate Holmes’s genius—no matter how complex the case, Holmes can solve it with his "extraordinary talents" and "knowledge of everything." He works alone, solving cases single-handedly, with Watson merely a decorative assistant. Doyle wants to give the impression that only Holmes can solve crimes, and others are useless. His keen observation, logic, and erudition are portrayed as inimitable, making the crowd "helpless."
In this, Doyle erases the class nature of detective work, presenting it as purely technical, hiding the social activity of different classes. In capitalist society, cases involve three main conflicts: between bourgeois factions, between bourgeoisie and masses, and within the masses. The first is a power struggle, with outcomes dictated by political and economic strength, not detective skills. The second is bourgeois oppression of the people, with the bourgeoisie as perpetrators and the masses as victims—who cannot fight back. The third involves limited political and economic capacity of the masses, with law enforcement and judiciary serving bourgeois interests, often neglecting or covering up cases to maintain social stability. All crimes happen within human society, initiated by people with specific goals, requiring social practice to understand. To truly solve cases, reliance on the masses’ activity and social practice is essential. Doyle’s Holmes, as a bourgeois tool, cannot truly investigate; he is a servant of capital, detached from the masses and practice. His creation reflects bourgeois idealism and contempt for the people. To be clear-minded Marxists, we must adhere to the unity of theory and practice, rely on the masses, and not fall for bourgeois idealist literature. Only through practical work and mass support can we truly understand and solve social issues.
The True "Great Detective"
In Chinese history, figures like Di Renjie and Song Ci are somewhat similar to detectives. Comparing these historical "great detectives" with Holmes highlights the absurdity of Doyle’s fabricated logic. Di Renjie and Song Ci, as representatives of the legalist landlord class, relied on a materialist worldview and methodology, emphasizing practice and summarizing popular experience, enabling them to "solve cases like gods."
During the reign of Wu Zetian, Di Renjie served as the Vice Minister of the Dali Court (the central judicial authority), handling a large number of cases within a year, involving over seventeen thousand people, yet not a single person appealed an unjust case.[9] When making judgments, he never relied on biased listening or blind faith, nor did he use Sherlock Holmes' "deductive reasoning" method, but instead collected testimonies and evidence from multiple sources to analyze based on these.
Sung Ci was a criminal investigator in Hunan during the Southern Song period. He summarized the judicial examination experiences of laboring people over many years, combined with his practical knowledge, and wrote the world's first systematic judicial examination work — "Xiyuan Lu" (Record of Exoneration), pioneering Chinese forensic science. Sung Ci's case-solving relied on judicial examination methods, primarily examining corpses, combined with evidence collection and extensive群众访察 (public visits), ultimately synthesizing various materials to determine case details. In feudal times, due to superstitions about ghosts and gods, people tabooed corpses, often relying solely on oral testimonies, and even when examining corpses, they only looked from afar, rarely touching the bodies. Sung Ci believed only through rigorous examination could justice be ensured and wrongful convictions avoided. He extensively summarized practical forensic experience, authoring four volumes of "Xiyuan Lu," covering general examination, suicide, homicide, various weapon injuries, injuries before and after death, poisoning, poisoning methods, accidental death, medical treatment, and more, with extremely rich content, leading to the solving of numerous cases.
Although Di Renjie and Sung Ci were both members of the landlord class, they did not rely on reactionary idealism when solving cases but used a simple materialist approach to guide their work. They emphasized evidence over confessions, practice over deduction, ensuring high case clearance rates and correctness. This proves that in practical case investigations, Holmes' psychological analysis is fundamentally useless and is a harmful tool that produces wrongful convictions. 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